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  2. Targeting Chondroitin Sulfate Glycosaminoglycans to Treat Cardiac Fibrosis in Pathological Remodeling

Targeting Chondroitin Sulfate Glycosaminoglycans to Treat Cardiac Fibrosis in Pathological Remodeling

  • Circulation. 2018 Jun 5;137(23):2497-2513. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.030353.
Rong-Rong Zhao 1 Matthew Ackers-Johnson 1 Justus Stenzig 2 3 Chen Chen 4 Tao Ding 1 Yue Zhou 1 Peipei Wang 1 Shi Ling Ng 2 Peter Y Li 1 Gavin Teo 4 Pauline M Rudd 4 5 James W Fawcett 6 Roger S Y Foo 7 2
Affiliations

Affiliations

  • 1 Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University of Singapore (R.R.Z., M.A.-J., T.D., Y.Z., P.W., P.Y.L., R.S.Y.F.).
  • 2 Genome Institute of Singapore (J.S., S.L.N., R.S.Y.F.).
  • 3 Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (J.S.).
  • 4 Bioprocessing Technology Institute (C.C., G.T., P.M.R.), Agency for Science, Technology and Research.
  • 5 Glycoscience Group, National Institute for Bioprocessing, Research and Training, Dublin, Ireland (P.M.R.).
  • 6 John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (J.W.F.).
  • 7 Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University of Singapore (R.R.Z., M.A.-J., T.D., Y.Z., P.W., P.Y.L., R.S.Y.F.). foosyr@gis.a-star.edu.sg.
Abstract

Background: Heart failure is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity, and the search for novel therapeutic approaches continues. In the monogenic disease mucopolysaccharidosis VI, loss-of-function mutations in arylsulfatase B lead to myocardial accumulation of chondroitin sulfate (CS) glycosaminoglycans, manifesting as myriad cardiac symptoms. Here, we studied changes in myocardial CS in nonmucopolysaccharidosis failing hearts and assessed its generic role in pathological cardiac remodeling.

Methods: Healthy and diseased human and rat left ventricles were subjected to histological and immunostaining methods to analyze glycosaminoglycan distribution. Glycosaminoglycans were extracted and analyzed for quantitative and compositional changes with Alcian blue assay and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Expression changes in 20 CS-related genes were studied in 3 primary human cardiac cell types and THP-1-derived macrophages under each of 9 in vitro stimulatory conditions. In 2 rat models of pathological remodeling induced by transverse aortic constriction or isoprenaline infusion, recombinant human arylsulfatase B (rhASB), clinically used as Enzyme replacement therapy in mucopolysaccharidosis VI, was administered intravenously for 7 or 5 weeks, respectively. Cardiac function, myocardial fibrosis, and inflammation were assessed by echocardiography and histology. CS-interacting molecules were assessed with surface plasmon resonance, and a mechanism of action was verified in vitro.

Results: Failing human hearts displayed significant perivascular and interstitial CS accumulation, particularly in regions of intense fibrosis. Relative composition of CS disaccharides remained unchanged. Transforming Growth Factor-β induced CS upregulation in cardiac fibroblasts. CS accumulation was also observed in both the pressure-overload and the isoprenaline models of pathological remodeling in rats. Early treatment with rhASB in the transverse aortic constriction model and delayed treatment in the isoprenaline model proved rhASB to be effective at preventing cardiac deterioration and augmenting functional recovery. Functional improvement was accompanied by reduced myocardial inflammation and overall fibrosis. Tumor necrosis factor-α was identified as a direct binding partner of CS glycosaminoglycan chains, and rhASB reduced tumor necrosis factor-α-induced inflammatory gene activation in vitro in endothelial cells and macrophages.

Conclusions: CS glycosaminoglycans accumulate during cardiac pathological remodeling and mediate myocardial inflammation and fibrosis. rhASB targets CS effectively as a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of heart failure.

Keywords

chondroitin sulfates; fibrosis; glycosaminoglycans; heart failure; mucopolysaccharidosis VI; ventricular remodeling.

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