Chlorhexidine acetate hydrate  (Synonyms: 醋酸氯己定水合物)

Chlorhexidine acetate hydrate is a orally active cationic antimicrobial agent that targets microbial cell membranes. Chlorhexidine acetate hydrate binds to cell membrane phospholipids non-specifically, destroys membrane structure and induces leakage of cell contents. Chlorhexidine acetate hydrate has broad-spectrum bactericidal activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Chlorhexidine acetate hydrate can interfere with membrane permeability, cause protein precipitation and energy metabolism disorders, such as rapid inhibition of microbial growth and induction of cell death (necrosis or apoptosis)^[1][2][3].

1. 细胞死亡实验：
Chlorhexidine acetate hydrate (0.000125%-0.016%；24 h) 可诱导 L929 成纤维细胞死亡，诱导细胞坏死和/或凋亡的模式，以及细胞应激。并且，Chlorhexidine acetate hydrate 在较低浓度下诱导细胞凋亡，在较高浓度下诱导细胞坏死，并增加热休克蛋白 70（细胞应激指标）的表达。Chlorhexidine acetate hydrate 可能对根尖周炎的消退产生不利影响^[1]。
2. 细胞活力实验：
Chlorhexidine acetate hydrate (0.0005%-0.5%；30 min) 处理犬胚胎成纤维细胞，≥0.013% 浓度导致犬胚胎成纤维细胞死亡，≤0.006% 浓度允许细胞存活；≥0.05% 浓度杀灭金黄色葡萄球菌，≤0.03% 浓度允许细菌存活^[2]。
3. 细菌存活实验：
Chlorhexidine acetate hydrate (0.0005%-0.5%；30 min) 对金黄色葡萄球菌的杀菌效果呈浓度依赖性，≥0.05% 浓度杀灭金黄色葡萄球菌，≤0.03% 浓度允许细菌存活^[2]。

MCE has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

1. 爪部注射毒性实验：
Chlorhexidine (0.125%-1.0%；爪部皮下注射；单剂量) acetate hydrate 在 Balb/c 小鼠的后爪足底间隙引起毒性作用，≥0.5% 浓度可诱导表皮、真皮和皮下组织凝固性坏死及中性粒细胞为主的炎症反应，≤0.25% 浓度可引发中度炎症和间质水肿^[1]。
2. 肺部吸入毒性实验：
Chlorhexidine (0.125%-1%；气管内滴注；单剂量；8 周观察) acetate hydrate 在 C57BL/6J 小鼠模型中导致肺组织胶原纤维沉积、炎性细胞浸润，引发限制性通气功能障碍，转录组分析显示细胞外基质沉积和黏液分泌相关基因 (如Muc5b、Muc5ac) 上调^[3]。
3. 遗传毒性实验：
0.12% Chlorhexidine dihydrochloride (0.5 mL；口服，每天 2 次，共 8 天) 导致大鼠外周血和口腔黏膜细胞 DNA 损伤，但不导致红细胞染色体断裂或丢失^[4]。

MCE has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

C₂₂H₃₀C_l2N₁₀.2C₂H₄O₂.xH₂O

206986-79-0

醋酸洗必泰水合物；醋酸氯己定水合物

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.

Please store the product under the recommended conditions in the Certificate of Analysis.

• [1]. Faria G, et al. Evaluation of chlorhexidine toxicity injected in the paw of mice and added to cultured l929 fibroblasts. J Endod. 2007 Jun;33(6):715-22.  [Content Brief]

  [2]. Sanchez IR, et al. Chlorhexidine diacetate and povidone-iodine cytotoxicity to canine embryonic fibroblasts and Staphylococcus aureus. Vet Surg. 1988;17(4):182-185.  [Content Brief]

  [3]. Zhang J, et al. Pulmonary Toxicity Assessment after a Single Intratracheal Inhalation of Chlorhexidine Aerosol in Mice. Toxics. 2023 Nov 7;11(11):910.  [Content Brief]

  [4]. Ribeiro DA, et al. Chlorhexidine induces DNA damage in rat peripheral leukocytes and oral mucosal cells. J Periodontal Res. 2004 Oct;39(5):358-61.  [Content Brief]