Cathepsin B aggravates atherosclerosis in ApoE-deficient mice by modulating vascular smooth muscle cell pyroptosis through NF-κB / NLRP3 signaling pathway

Atherosclerosis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease involving cell death and inflammatory responses. Pyroptosis, a newly discovered pro-inflammatory programmed cell death process, exacerbates inflammatory responses. However, the roles of Cathepsin B (CTSB) in Pyroptosis and AS remain unclear. To gain further insight, we fed ApoE-/- mice a high-fat diet to investigate the effects and mechanisms of CTSB overexpression and silencing on AS. We also explored the specific role of CTSB in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in vitro. The study revealed that high-fat diet led to the formation of AS plaques, and CTSB was found to increase the AS plaque lesion area. Immunohistochemical and TUNEL/Caspase-1 staining revealed the existence of Pyroptosis in atherosclerotic plaques, particularly in VSMCs. In vitro studies, including Hoechst 33342/propidium iodide staining, a Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay, detection of protein indicators of Pyroptosis, and detection of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in Cell Culture medium, demonstrated that oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) induced VSMC Pyroptosis. Additionally, CTSB promoted VSMC Pyroptosis. Ox-LDL increased the expression of CTSB, which in turn activated the NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome and promoted NLRP3 expression by facilitating nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) p65 nuclear translocation. This effect could be attenuated by the NF-κB Inhibitor SN50. Our research found that CTSB not only promotes VSMC Pyroptosis by activating the NLRP3 inflammasome, but also increases the expression of NLRP3.