The neuropeptide APGWamide induces imposex in the mud snail, Ilyanassa obsoleta

We investigated whether neuropeptides which control sexual differentiation in mollusks can induce imposex-a condition where female snails grow male accessory sex organs after exposure to tributyltin (TBT). Mud snails, Ilyanassa obsoleta, were dosed with one of four neuropeptides: APGWamide, conopressin, LSSFVRIamide, or FMRFamide for seven or fourteen days. TBT and testosterone (T) were used as positive controls and induced imposex as expected. APGWamide significantly induced imposex, with a threshold dose near 10(-)(16) moles. The Other neuropeptides had no effect on imposex induction. We propose that TBT could act as a neurotoxin to induce imposex via abnormal release of APGWamide.