ERKs (Extracellular-signal-regulated kinases) are widely expressed protein kinase intracellular signalling molecules that are involved in functions including the regulation of meiosis, mitosis, and postmitotic functions in differentiated cells. Many different stimuli, including growth factors, cytokines, virus infection, ligands for heterotrimeric G protein-coupled receptors, transforming agents, and carcinogens, activate the ERK pathway. In the MAPK/ERK pathway, Ras activates c-Raf, followed by mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (abbreviated as MKK, MEK, or MAP2K) and then MAPK1/2 (below). Ras is typically activated by growth hormones through receptor tyrosine kinases and GRB2/SOS, but may also receive other signals. ERKs are known to activate many transcription factors, such as ELK1, and some downstream protein kinases. Disruption of the ERK pathway is common in cancers, especially Ras, c-Raf and receptors such as HER2.
Urolithin B 是 ellagitannins 的肠道微生物代谢产物之一，具有抗炎和抗氧化作用。Urolithin B 通过降低 IκBα 的磷酸化和降解来抑制NF-κB活性。Urolithin B 抑制 JNK、ERK 和 Akt 的磷酸化，增强 AMPK 的磷酸化。Urolithin B 也是骨骼肌质量的调节因子。
