细胞转化是将外源DNA引入目标细胞的过程，常用于基因工程、基因表达和遗传研究。转化方法包括化学法、电穿孔、微注射、病毒介导等。这些技术使科学家能够引入、表达或修改细胞的遗传信息，推动生物医学研究、药物开发和生物生产领域的发展。优化转化条件对维持细胞健康和提高外源基因表达至关重要，为细胞工程和生物技术应用奠定基础。

Cell transformation is the process of introducing exogenous DNA into target cells and is often used in genetic engineering, gene expression and genetic research. Transformation methods include chemical methods, electroporation, microinjection, virus mediation, etc. These technologies enable scientists to introduce, express or modify genetic information in cells, advancing the fields of biomedical research, drug development and bioproduction. Optimizing transformation conditions is crucial to maintaining cell health and improving exogenous gene expression, laying the foundation for cell engineering and biotechnology applications.