Differences between in-vitro and in-vivo potencies of corticotrophins: an interpretation in terms of metabolic stability

Relative activities of a series of corticotrophin analogues have been measured by means of five different bioassays using the rat. Similarities in the relative potencies of various ACTH analogues determined using lipolysis or steroidogenesis in vivo and for the lipolytic and steroidogenic responses of fat pads and adrenal slices in vitro emerged and support the concept of a close structural relationship between the ACTH receptors in adipose and adrenal tissues in the rat. Potencies based on the steroidogenic response of isolated adrenal cells, adrenal slices or in-vivo experiments differed markedly from each other. Inactivation of Peptides did not occur in the isolated cell assay, so it is likely that this assay estimates potency at the receptor level. A number of arguments suggest that the difference between the isolated cell assay and the other steroidogenic assays lies solely in the effects of peptide inactivation in the latter, and this allows the relative metabolic stabilities for the peptide analogues in these assays to be calculated. In this way it can be shown that: (1) Replacement of L-Ser by D-Ser in amino acid position 1 markedly increases the metabolic stability of the peptide and has only a slight effect on receptor properties. (2) Shortening at the NH2-terminus reduces the activity of Peptides at the receptor level by several orders of magnitude, but increases their relative metabolic stability. (3) Introduction of amide groups at the CO2H-terminus markedly increases receptor potency of (1-16), (1-17) and (1-18) ACTH without affecting their metabolic stability in vivo. However, amidation of the CO2H-terminus does have a large effect on metabolic stability in the adrenal slice assay. (4) Replacement of Arg by Lys in positions 17 and 18 of (1-18) ACTH increases potency at the receptor level (adrenal cells) but has little effect on metabolic stability. The comparison of potencies obtained in the various assays, therefore, throws LIGHT on the significance of each assay. In addition, the effects of structural modification of analogues can be separately evaluated with respect to the metabolic stability of a peptide and its potency at the receptor level.