Superoxide generated by lysophosphatidylcholine induces endothelial nitric oxide synthase downregulation in human endothelial cells

We examined the mechanism through which lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) induces endothelial nitric oxide (eNOS) downregulation. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were treated with LPC (50-150 microM) for 0.5-2 h or the Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) donors, xanthine/Xanthine Oxidase (X/XO), 1,4-hydroquinone (HQ) or tert-butylhydroperoxide (TBHP) for 2 h. Protein levels of eNOS, superoxide dismutase1 (SOD1), catalase, and phospho-extracellular signal regulated kinase 1/2 (PERK 1/2) were assessed using immunoblotting. LPC treatment reduced SOD1 levels but increased catalase levels. The superoxide donors X/XO and HQ showed similar effects. The hydroperoxide donor TBHP increased SOD1 levels but did not change catalase levels. LPC concentration- and time-dependently decreased eNOS levels, but this effect was blocked by antioxidants and SOD and potentiated by the SOD1 inhibitor, ammonium tetrathiomolybdate. LPC and X/XO inhibited ERK1/2 phosphorylation, whereas TBHP stimulated phosphorylation. Taken together, these data indicate that LPC induces superoxide overload in HUVECs via SOD1 inhibition and downregulates phospho-ERK1/2 and eNOS levels.