Chebulinic acid and Boeravinone B act as anti-aging and anti-apoptosis phyto-molecules during oxidative stress

Introduction: Aquatic pollutant Malachite green (MG) induces oxidative stress by producing intracellular H₂O₂ and associated hydroxyl, hydroxymethyl or hydroperoxide radicals in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These radicals disturb cellular functions leading to early aging. Exogenous supply of natural antioxidants may play a crucial role as Anti-aging by ensuring the cellular survival.

Methods: Protective effect of Chebulinic acid (CA) and Boeravinone B (BB) was biochemically evaluated by measuring the expression levels of antioxidant enzymes. Intracellular oxidants generation, nuclear damage, necrosis, Apoptosis, reduction in Caspase 3/7 activity studied microscopically, spectrofluorometrically and biochemically along with growth dynamics and relative quantitation of Yap1, Sir2 and Bir1 expression using RT-PCR.

Results: Malachite green (MG) showed adverse effect on S. cerevisiae showing 400.83% enhancement in accumulation of intracellular H₂O₂ and associated hydroxyl, hydroxymethyl or hydroperoxide radicals. Independent supplementation of CA (5 μg/ml) and BB (3 μg/ml) significantly reduced the accumulation by 385.78 and 372.68%, respectively. Presence of MG extended the lag phase of growth curve and also reduced colony forming units (CFUs)/ml to 3 × 10⁸ from 15 × 10⁸. Whereas, CA and BB maintained the normal growth curve, CFUs and proved as Anti-aging. Elevation in the activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) by 241.35, 539.02 and 432.60% was observed after 2 h MG exposure. However, CA and BB significantly reduced the CAT, SOD and GPx activities. Microscopic observation of CA and BB augmented cells revealed protection from H₂O₂ and associated hydroxyl, hydroxymethyl or hydroperoxide radicals accumulation, nuclear disorganization, morphological distortion, Apoptosis and necrosis contrary to MG exposed cells. An enhancement of 112.78% in Caspase 3/7 activity was noted in MG exposed cells over control. Both CA and BB supplementation reduced the Caspase 3/7 activity by 106.06 and 105.82%, respectively which was almost near normal. MG was found to induce the expression of yeast transcription factor Yap1; while presence of CA and BB restored expression of Yap1. Expression of longevity responsible gene Silent Information Regulator (Sir2) was also found to be reduced during MG exposure. However, CA and BB triggered the expression of Sir2. Similarly, MG lowered the expression of Baculoviral IAP repeat (Bir1) which is the inhibitor of Apoptosis while CA and BB aided the over expression of Bir1.

Conclusions: CA and BB supplementation could significantly decrease oxidative stress, enhance cell viability and ultimately protected S. cerevisiae cells form aging.