1. Academic Validation
  2. Geniposide ameliorates atherosclerosis by restoring lipophagy via suppressing PARP1/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway

Geniposide ameliorates atherosclerosis by restoring lipophagy via suppressing PARP1/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway

  • Phytomedicine. 2024 Apr 10:129:155617. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155617.
Jinhai Lin 1 Xiaolong Wang 2 Mingyang Gu 2 Yuanyuan Chen 3 Jiongbo Xu 2 Nhi Van Chau 4 Junlong Li 5 Xiaodong Ji 6 Qingmin Chu 5 Lijin Qing 5 Wei Wu 7
Affiliations

Affiliations

  • 1 The First Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 12 Jichang Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 12 Jichang Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
  • 2 The First Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 12 Jichang Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
  • 3 Qinchengda Community Health Service Center, Shenzhen Bao'an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Group, No. 225, Block 10A, Qinchengda Yueyuan Commercial and Residential Building, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
  • 4 The First Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 12 Jichang Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Traditional Medicine Department, Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 179 Nguyen Van Cu Street, An Khanh, Ninh Kieu, Can Tho, Viet Nam.
  • 5 The Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 16 Jichang Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
  • 6 The Department of Emergency, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 16 Jichang Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
  • 7 The Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 16 Jichang Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. Electronic address: wuweigzucm@163.com.
Abstract

Background: Atherosclerosis (AS) is the leading cause of global death, which manifests as arterial lipid stack and plaque formation. Geniposide is an iridoid glycoside extract from Gardenia jasminoides J.Ellis that ameliorates AS by mediating Autophagy. However, how Geniposide regulates Autophagy and treats AS remains unclear.

Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy and mechanism of Geniposide in treating AS.

Study design and methods: Geniposide was administered to high-fat diet-fed ApoE-/- mice and oxidized low-density lipoprotein-incubated primary vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). AS was evaluated with arterial lipid stack, plaque progression, and collagen loss in the artery. Foam cell formation was detected by lipid accumulation, inflammation, Apoptosis, and the expression of foam cell markers. The mechanism of Geniposide in treating AS was assessed using network pharmacology. Lipophagy was measured by lysosomal activity, expression of lipophagy markers, and the co-localization of lipids and lipophagy markers. The effects of lipophagy were blocked using Chloroquine. The role of PARP1 was assessed by Olaparib (a PARP1 Inhibitor) intervention and PARP1 overexpression.

Results: In vivo, Geniposide reversed high-fat diet-induced hyperlipidemia, plaque progression, and inflammation. In vitro, Geniposide inhibited VSMC-derived foam cell formation by suppressing lipid stack, Apoptosis, and the expressions of foam cell markers. Network pharmacological analysis and in vitro validation suggested that Geniposide treated AS by enhancing lipophagy via suppressing the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. The benefits of Geniposide in alleviating AS were offset by Chloroquine in vivo and in vitro. Inhibiting PARP1 using Olaparib promoted lipophagy and alleviated AS progression, while PARP1 overexpression exacerbated foam cell formation and lipophagy blockage. The above effects of PARP1 were weakened by PI3K Inhibitor LY294002. PARP1 also inhibited the combination of the ABCG1 and PLIN1.

Conclusion: Geniposide alleviated AS by restoring PARP1/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway-suppressed lipophagy. This study is the first to present the lipophagy-inducing effect of Geniposide and the binding of ABCG1 and PLIN1 inhibited by PARP1.

Keywords

Atherosclerosis; Autophagy; Geniposide; Lipophagy; PARP1.

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