Isoquinoline alkaloids from the roots of Zanthoxylum rigidum as multi-target inhibitors of cholinesterase, monoamine oxidase A and Aβ1-42 aggregation

Multifactorial neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) are considered a growing public health problem due the rising incidence and low effectiveness of current treatments [6]. Since pharmacotherapy based on a single target has been insufficient for drug development in complex diseases, the emerging multi-target approach is a promising strategy for the search of new anti-AD drug candidates. Herein described natural Isoquinoline Alkaloids were investigated for multi-target activity on key mechanisms associated with the AD's pathogenesis, i.e. cholinergic depletion, beta amyloid (Aβ) aggregation and oxidative stress. Alkaloid isolation from root extract of Zanthoxylum rigidum was carried out using multi-step chromatography and TLC-bioautography against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) giving eight purified Isoquinoline Alkaloids. Isolated compounds were tested for inhibitory activity against cholinesterase (AChE and BChE), Monoamine Oxidase (MAO-A and B) and Aβ aggregation. Our study revealed two benzophenanthridine Alkaloids, nitidine (5) and avicine (7), as the most potent multi-target candidates. Both showed dual cholinesterase inhibition, being more active against AChE over BChE, with IC₅₀ values in sub-micromolar range in AChE. Kinetic analysis with cholinesterase showed, that both compounds are reversible-mixed inhibitors, where avicine (7) presented highest potency with K_i values of 0.063 µM (EeAChE), 0.511 µM (HrAChE) and 0.123 µM (EqBChE). In addition, these Alkaloids presented moderate Aβ_1-42 anti-aggregation activity and MAO-A inhibition with IC₅₀ values between 0.5 and 2 µM. Our findings suggest that avicine (7) is a promising natural compound and multifunctional candidate representing a suitable starting point for the development of new therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease.

Benzophenanthridines; Cholinesterase; Enzyme inhibitors; Monoamine oxidase; Natural alkaloids; Rutaceae; β-Amyloid.