Allergic Rhinitis  (过敏性鼻炎)

过敏性鼻炎是一种常见的IgE介导的I型超敏反应，由接触空气中的过敏原（例如花粉、宠物皮屑、霉菌孢子、尘螨和蟑螂粪便）引发。其表现为鼻黏膜炎症，导致打喷嚏、鼻塞、流鼻涕（鼻漏）、鼻腔和眼睛发痒、流泪和咽喉痛等症状。症状通常在接触过敏原后几分钟内出现，并可能严重影响睡眠和日常功能。该疾病分为季节性（例如花粉引起的花粉症）和常年性（由室内过敏原（例如尘螨和宠物皮屑）引起）。嗜酸性粒细胞会导致鼻腔黏膜肿胀和呼吸道高反应性。治疗包括避免诱因、药物治疗（如抗组胺药和鼻皮质类固醇）、鼻腔冲洗和免疫疗法（过敏注射）以降低过敏敏感性。

Allergic rhinitis is a common IgE-mediated type I hypersensitivity reaction triggered by exposure to airborne allergens such as pollen, pet dander, mold spores, dust mites, and cockroach droppings. It manifests as inflammation of the nasal mucosa, leading to symptoms including sneezing, nasal congestion, runny nose (rhinorrhea), itching in the nose and eyes, watery eyes, and sore throat. Symptoms typically occur within minutes of allergen exposure and can significantly impact sleep and daily functioning. The condition is classified as seasonal (e.g., hay fever due to pollen) or perennial (due to indoor allergens like dust mites and pet dander). Eosinophils contribute to mucosal swelling and hyperreactivity in the nasal airways. Management involves avoidance of triggers, pharmacological treatments such as antihistamines and nasal corticosteroids, nasal rinses, and immunotherapy (allergy shots) to reduce allergic sensitivity.

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