Neurodegenerative Disease  (神经退行性疾病)

神经退行性疾病是一类以特定神经元群逐渐丧失为特征的疾病，其机制包括蛋白毒性应激、氧化应激、神经炎症和细胞凋亡，最终导致神经元功能障碍和死亡。这些疾病表现出独特的临床表现和退行性解剖模式，例如阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病、额颞叶退行性变、锥体外系疾病和脊髓小脑共济失调。它们可以根据主要临床特征、病理解剖分布或潜在蛋白质异常（例如淀粉样变性、tauo蛋白病、α-突触核蛋白病和TDP-43蛋白病）进行分类。一些患者表现为单纯综合征，而另一些患者则表现出混合特征，反映了这些疾病的复杂性和异质性。

Neurodegenerative diseases are a group of disorders characterized by the progressive loss of specific neuronal populations due to mechanisms including proteotoxic stress, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and apoptosis, ultimately resulting in neuronal dysfunction and death. These conditions exhibit distinct clinical presentations and anatomical patterns of degeneration, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, frontotemporal degenerations, extrapyramidal disorders, and spinocerebellar ataxias. They can be classified based on primary clinical features, anatomical distribution of pathology, or underlying protein abnormalities—such as amyloidoses, tauopathies, α-synucleinopathies, and TDP-43 proteinopathies. While some patients present with pure syndromes, others display mixed features, reflecting the complex and heterogeneous nature of these disorders.

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