Obesity  (肥胖症)

肥胖是一种复杂的慢性疾病，其特征是体内脂肪过度堆积，对健康构成严重风险。成人肥胖的标准诊断阈值为体重指数 (BMI) 达到或超过 30。肥胖是一个全球性的公共卫生问题，影响着全球约三分之一的人口。在英国和美国等地区，成人和儿童的肥胖率都很高，超过 23 个州报告的成人肥胖率达到或超过 35%。肥胖是由遗传、环境、行为和代谢因素共同作用的结果，包括不良的饮食习惯、缺乏运动以及潜在的激素失衡。肥胖会显著增加多种并发症的风险，包括心血管疾病、2 型糖尿病、某些癌症（例如乳腺癌、结肠癌和肾癌）、骨关节炎和其他肌肉骨骼疾病。虽然没有专门针对肥胖的药物，但相关疾病通常使用质子泵抑制剂、HMG-CoA还原酶抑制剂和SSRI抗抑郁药等药物进行治疗，在某些情况下也会开具食欲抑制剂和中枢神经系统兴奋剂。肥胖和色素减退症（OBHP）等罕见遗传综合征进一步说明了肥胖的多因素性，其特征是早发性重度肥胖、高胰岛素血症、过度生长和皮肤色素减退。总而言之，肥胖不仅仅是一个美容问题，而是一种需要全面、长期管理策略的严重疾病。

Obesity is a complex, chronic disease defined by excessive body fat accumulation that poses significant health risks, with a Body Mass Index (BMI) of 30 or higher serving as the standard diagnostic threshold in adults. It is a global public health concern, affecting approximately one-third of the world’s population, with high prevalence rates observed in both adults and children across regions such as the UK and the United States, where over 23 states report adult obesity rates at or above 35%. The condition arises from a combination of genetic, environmental, behavioral, and metabolic factors, including poor dietary habits, physical inactivity, and underlying hormonal imbalances. Obesity significantly increases the risk of numerous comorbidities, including cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, certain cancers (e.g., breast, colon, and kidney), osteoarthritis, and other musculoskeletal disorders. While no specific medication targets obesity directly, related conditions are often managed with drugs such as proton pump inhibitors, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, and SSRI antidepressants, with appetite suppressants and central nervous system stimulants also prescribed in some cases. Rare genetic syndromes like Obesity and Hypopigmentation (OBHP) further illustrate the multifactorial nature of obesity, characterized by early-onset severe obesity, hyperinsulinemia, overgrowth, and skin hypopigmentation. Overall, obesity is not merely a cosmetic issue but a serious medical condition requiring comprehensive, long-term management strategies.

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