Ovarian cancer  (卵巢癌)

卵巢癌是一种恶性肿瘤，由卵巢、输卵管或腹膜内异常细胞不受控制地生长而引起，其中上皮性卵巢癌是最常见的亚型，占卵巢癌病例的95%以上。卵巢癌常在晚期才出现，并伴有非特异性症状，例如盆腔或腹部疼痛、腹胀、排便习惯改变、早饱以及异常阴道出血，尤其常见于绝经后女性。卵巢癌可能扩散至腹腔内及远处器官，导致高发病率和高死亡率。遗传易感性，包括BRCA1和BRCA2基因突变，在遗传性卵巢癌中起着关键作用。其他类型的卵巢癌虽然罕见，但包括生殖细胞肿瘤、性索间质肿瘤和低度恶性潜能肿瘤。由于缺乏有效的筛查工具且症状出现较晚，早期发现仍然是一项重大挑战，及时诊断对于改善生存结果至关重要。

Ovarian cancer is a malignant tumor arising from uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the ovaries, fallopian tubes, or peritoneum, with epithelial ovarian cancer being the most common subtype accounting for over 95% of cases. It often presents at an advanced stage due to nonspecific symptoms such as pelvic or abdominal pain, bloating, changes in bowel or bladder habits, early satiety, and abnormal vaginal bleeding, particularly in postmenopausal women. The disease may spread within the peritoneal cavity and to distant organs, leading to significant morbidity and mortality. Genetic predisposition, including mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, plays a key role in hereditary cases. Although rare, other types include germ cell, sex-cord stromal, and low malignant potential tumors. Due to the lack of effective screening tools and late symptom onset, early detection remains a major challenge, making timely diagnosis critical for improving survival outcomes.

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