Myocardial Infarction  (心肌梗死)

心肌梗死，俗称心脏病发作，是一种严重的心血管事件，其特征是一条或多条冠状动脉血流受阻导致心肌组织长期缺血而发生不可逆性坏死。最常见的病因是动脉粥样硬化，动脉壁上的斑块积聚破裂并触发血栓形成，导致急性阻塞。这种阻塞会导致心肌缺氧和营养，引起胸痛（通常位于胸骨后，并放射至左肩、手臂或下颌），类似于烧心或消化不良。其他症状包括呼吸急促、恶心、呕吐、头晕、头昏、冷汗，严重情况下甚至会导致心脏骤停。及时采取溶栓剂（血栓破坏剂）、抗血小板药物、血管成形术或冠状动脉搭桥术等医疗干预措施，对于恢复灌注和最大限度地减少心肌损伤至关重要。延迟治疗可能导致永久性心肌损伤、心力衰竭甚至死亡。识别预警信号并立即启动紧急救援对于改善预后至关重要。

Myocardial infarction, commonly known as a heart attack, is a critical cardiovascular event characterized by the irreversible necrosis of heart muscle tissue due to prolonged ischemia resulting from blocked blood flow in one or more coronary arteries. The most frequent cause is atherosclerosis, where plaque buildup in the arterial walls ruptures and triggers thrombus formation, leading to acute obstruction. This blockage deprives the myocardium of oxygen and nutrients, causing chest pain—typically retrosternal and radiating to the left shoulder, arm, or jaw—that may mimic heartburn or indigestion. Additional symptoms include shortness of breath, nausea, vomiting, lightheadedness, dizziness, cold sweats, and in severe cases, cardiac arrest. Prompt medical intervention with thrombolytic agents (clot-busters), antiplatelet drugs, angioplasty, or coronary artery bypass grafting is essential to restore perfusion and minimize myocardial damage. Delayed treatment can result in permanent heart muscle injury, heart failure, or death. Recognition of warning signs and immediate activation of emergency services are crucial for improving outcomes.

参考文献: