Inflammatory Bowel Disease  (炎症性肠病)

炎症性肠病 (IBD) 是一种慢性复发性疾病，以胃肠道炎症为特征，主要包括克罗恩病和溃疡性结肠炎。克罗恩病可影响从口腔到肛门的消化道任何部位，常表现为全层炎症和跳跃性病变；而溃疡性结肠炎则局限于结肠和直肠，并伴有持续性黏膜炎症。常见症状包括腹痛、痉挛、腹泻（常带血或粘液）、体重减轻、疲劳、食欲不振和恶心，这些症状是由慢性炎症和营养吸收受损引起的。IBD 的确切病因尚不清楚，但据信其源于遗传易感人群对肠道菌群的异常免疫反应。虽然目前尚无治愈方法，但治疗旨在通过氨基水杨酸盐、皮质类固醇、免疫调节剂和生物制剂等药物，以及包括饮食改变和压力管理在内的生活方式调整来控制症状并诱导缓解。早期诊断和持续管理对于预防并发症和改善生活质量至关重要，因为 IBD 是一种终身疾病，个体之间的临床病程和症状模式各异。

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is a chronic, recurrent condition characterized by inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, primarily encompassing Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Crohn's disease can affect any segment of the digestive tract from the mouth to the anus, often involving transmural inflammation and skip lesions, while ulcerative colitis is limited to the colon and rectum, with continuous mucosal inflammation. Common symptoms include abdominal pain, cramping, diarrhea (often with blood or mucus), weight loss, fatigue, loss of appetite, and nausea, resulting from chronic inflammation and impaired nutrient absorption. The exact cause remains unknown, but IBD is believed to arise from an abnormal immune response to intestinal microbiota in genetically susceptible individuals. Although there is no cure, treatment aims to control symptoms and induce remission through medications such as aminosalicylates, corticosteroids, immunomodulators, and biologics, alongside lifestyle modifications including dietary changes and stress management. Early diagnosis and ongoing management are critical to preventing complications and improving quality of life, as IBD is a lifelong condition with variable clinical course and symptom patterns among individuals.

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