Biotin-Lipopolysaccharide, from E.coli O111:B4  (Synonyms: Biotin-LPS, from Escherichia coli (O111:B4))

Biotin-Lipopolysaccharide, from E.coli O111:B4 (Biotin-LPS, from Escherichia coli (O111:B4)) is a biotin-conjugated Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (HY-D1056A1) that can be coupled with streptavidin protein. Biotin-Lipopolysaccharide, from E.coli O111:B4 can be used to identify Lipopolysaccharide ligands. Lipopolysaccharides, from E. coli O111:B4 (LPS, from Escherichia coli (O111:B4)) are endotoxins and TLR4 activators extracted from Escherichia coli (E. coli O111:B4) and are classified as S (smooth) type LPS. Lipopolysaccharides, from E. coli O111:B4 possess the typical three-part structure: O-antigen, R3-type core oligosaccharide, and lipid A. Lipopolysaccharides, from E. coli O111:B4 activate TLR-4 in immune cells and can cause significant gastric diseases. Lipopolysaccharides, from E. coli O111:B4 can also induce M1-type polarization in mouse macrophages^{[1][2][3][4][5]}.
It is recommended to prepare a stock solution of ≥2 mg/mL and ensure that it is fully mixed and dissolved. Due to the adsorption characteristics of LPS, low adsorption centrifuge tubes should be used for aliquoting and storage.

Note:
为了保持 LPS 的完整性，建议将 LPS 溶液存放在硅烷化容器中。因为 LPS 可以粘附在塑料和某些类型的玻璃上，尤其是在浓度低于 0.1 mg/mL 时。如果 LPS 浓度超过 1 mg/mL，这种吸附作用相对较小，建议配制 ≥2 mg/mL 母液，并保证充分混合溶解。如果使用玻璃容器，请确保使用前充分混合至少 30 分钟，以重新溶解任何吸附在管壁的 LPS。

LPS 是革兰氏阴性细菌的主要毒性成分，可激活免疫系统的致病相关分子模式 (PAMP) 和诱导细胞分泌迁移体。LPS 可被 TLR4 识别并激活先天免疫系统，随后促进 NF-κB 的活化和促炎性细胞因子的产生，常用于免疫细胞的刺激、激活、分化实验。
不同的种类细菌会表达不同的结构和生物活性的 LPS。LPS 一般分为两种构型：R (rough) 型和 S (smooth) 型。其中 S 型 LPS 包含典型的 3 部分结构：O-抗原 (O-antigen) (重复寡糖单位的血清特异性多糖)、核心寡糖 (core) (C9 型非重复低聚糖) 和脂质 A (Lipid A) (LPS 的毒性成分)。R 型则不包含 O-抗原，表达粗糙型 LPS。O-抗原的缺乏可影响免疫细胞识别 LPS 的过程。
E. coli 表达 4 种 LPS 血清型：O111:B4，O55:B5，O127:B8，O128:B12。E. coli 0111:B4 菌株表达的 LPS 是已知可引起显著胃部疾病的致病性大肠埃希菌血清型，是文献中引用最多的 LPS 菌株。E. coli 0111:B4 来源的 LPS 可诱导人巨噬细胞 (M1) 极化^[5]。

MCE has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.

Please store the product under the recommended conditions in the Certificate of Analysis.

• [1]. Kabanov DS, et al. Structural analysis of lipopolysaccharides from Gram-negative bacteria. Biochemistry (Mosc). 2010 Apr;75(4):383-404.  [Content Brief]

  [2]. Ying Liu, et al. Podocyte-Released Migrasomes in Urine Serve as an Indicator for Early Podocyte Injury. Kidney Dis (Basel). 2020 Nov;6(6):422-433.  [Content Brief]

  [3]. Heinrichs DE, et al. Molecular basis for structural diversity in the core regions of the lipopolysaccharides of Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica. Mol Microbiol. 1998 Oct;30(2):221-32.  [Content Brief]

  [4]. Cai KC, et al. Age and sex differences in immune response following LPS treatment in mice. Brain Behav Immun. 2016 Nov;58:327-337.  [Content Brief]

  [5]. Vogel DY, et al. Human macrophage polarization in vitro: maturation and activation methods compared. Immunobiology. 2014 Sep;219(9):695-703  [Content Brief]