Hyaluronic acid  (Synonyms: 透明质酸; Hyaluronan; Hyaluronate)

Hyaluronic acid is a biopolymer composed of repeating units of disaccharides with various applications. Hyaluronic acid is a major component of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Hyaluronic acid is synthesized at the plasma membrane. Increased hyaluronic acid levels are associated with tumor cell growth, adhesion, migration, invasion and angiogenesis in digestive cancers. Hyaluronic acid participates in tissue remodeling and rapid cell proliferation in some physiological processes including embryonic morphogenesis and wound-healing. Hyaluronic acid activates the PI3K-Akt signaling. Hyaluronic acid acts as a regulator of cancer-associated lymphangiogenesis. Hyaluronic acid also enhances cell invasion and angiogenesis by promoting proteolytic MMP-9 binding to cell surface or stimulating MMP-9 binding to cell surface. Hyaluronic acid can be used as drug delivery for sodium butyrate to improve the anti-proliferative activity on breast cancer cell line. Hyaluronic acid can be studied in joint diseases, wound healing and cancer^{[1][2][3][4][5]}.

Hyaluronic acid (HA) 因其与大量水分子的结合能力而被广泛应用于美容医学。它能改善组织水合及其对机械损伤的抵抗力。HA 在伤口愈合、排卵、受精、信号转导和肿瘤生理学中起着重要作用。HA 用于治疗关节疾病，如骨关节炎或类风湿性关节炎。高分子量的 HA 可降低炎症细胞的趋化性和迁移，从而作为炎症过程的良好屏障并防止自由基的影响。HA 因其对角膜内皮的润滑特性而用于眼科，并改善美容皮肤科的组织水合和细胞对机械损伤的抵抗力，副作用很小。多项试验表明其在肿瘤标志物、肝脏疾病和药物中的作用^[1]。
Hyaluronic acid 在癌症生长和转移中起着重要作用。HA及其片段与肿瘤细胞相互作用可激活下游信号通路，促进细胞增殖、粘附、迁移和侵袭，诱导消化系统癌症的血管生成、淋巴管生成、上皮-间质转化、干细胞样特性和放化疗抗性^[2]。

MCE has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

关节内注射 HA 的效果已在多项动物研究中得到证实。关于 HA 的研究表明，它可促进软骨基质的合成、防止其降解、减少炎症、刺激内源性 HA 的合成，并改善软骨的弹性和水分含量 ^[1]。
局部使用高分子量 HA 制剂可促进新鲜皮肤伤口的愈合。它们还可促进静脉性腿部溃疡的愈合，并有助于治疗慢性伤口^[3]。

MCE has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

379.32 (monomer)

C₁₆H₂₇NO₁₁

9004-61-9

固体

White to off-white

透明质酸；玻尿酸；玻璃酸

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.

4°C, protect from light

*In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (protect from light)

• [1]. Salwowska NM, et al. Physiochemical properties and application of hyaluronic acid: a systematic review. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2016 Dec;15(4):520-526.  [Content Brief]

  [2]. Wu RL, et al. Hyaluronic acid in digestive cancers. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2017 Jan;143(1):1-16.  [Content Brief]

  [3]. Kogan G, et al. Hyaluronic acid: a natural biopolymer with a broad range of biomedical and industrial applications. Biotechnol Lett. 2007 Jan;29(1):17-25.  [Content Brief]

  [4]. Coradini, D., et al., (1999). Hyaluronic acid as drug delivery for sodium butyrate: improvement of the anti-proliferative activity on a breast-cancer cell line. International journal of cancer, 81(3), 411–416.  [Content Brief]

  [5]. Goa, K. L., & Benfield, P. (1994). Hyaluronic acid. A review of its pharmacology and use as a surgical aid in ophthalmology, and its therapeutic potential in joint disease and wound healing. Drugs, 47(3), 536–566.  [Content Brief]